Technology LF youngish science. Only in 1924г. she Has ceased to be area of empirical knowledge and has won the right To be science. Began intensive development theoretical and Experimental researches.
Frameworks of educational process do not allow us to stop in detail On development of technology LF during the pre-revolutionary period.
We shall familiarize in brief only with the basic stages of its development in This period.
I. Manufacturing of medical products in an antiquity (IV in up to AD - middle I in AD).
In Ancient Egypt, etc. the countries of the Ancient East of means A vegetative, animal and mineral origin applied In nativnom a kind.
The basic receptions of manufacturing LP were similar to receptions Cookings: crushing, vymachivanie, otvarivanie, drying And other. A plenty of magic formulas was used, Spells and ceremonies which performance should To accompany with manufacturing and application of a medicine. Liquid LF Were applied as solutions, mixtures, broths for internal and External use. As soft LF ointments were applied, Pastes, adhesive tapes, pills, pessarii. Ointments produced on fatty To a basis, more often on lanolin. Lanolin received from a wool of sheeps, Carrying out thus a number consecutive operations - kipjachenie, Washing a mix by sea water, filtering of a product, it Bleaching on the sun. Oils extracted by expression from Olives, an almond, nuts, fruits kunzhuta. Radio oils took From colors at the usual or raised temperature by ekstragirovanija olive or nut oil. So received, For example, pink oil. Drevneegipetskie cosmetic means Possessed high stability, did not irritate a leather, and in a number Cases had anti-inflammatory an effect.
Structures and ways of preparation of the medicines, resulted in works Ancient greek doctors, are rather various. Alongside with brief Data are available detailed descriptions of technology. On volume Loose firm substances were dosed out not only liquids, but also, And rather approximately: « in size with pjatku a deer », « with kostochku the ram to allow to drink in water how much it is possible to grasp Three fingers ».
Some ancient greek medicinal mixes are difficult for attributing to Certain LF. It is typical, that many widely used Means - honey, wine, oils, juices of plants, - were "Medical products" both simultaneously liquid and viscous Means, korrigentami taste and a smell.
Development lekarstvovedenija in Ancient Rome is mainly connected With ancient greek pharmacy. In I century AD drevnerimsky the doctor Dioskorid Pedany in the composition « about medical products » has described All medicines known by then vegetative, animal And a mineral origin, has grouped over 500 plants on To a morphological attribute. In I century AD in Rome have appeared Encyclopaedic works Avla Kornelija TSelsa and Plinija the Grown-up, Containing data on medicine, including about preparation Medicines. The largest doctor of Ancient Rome Galen (130-200 gg) Has generalized performances of antique medicine as the uniform doctrine, Which rendered the big influence on development of natural sciences Down to XV - XVIвв. The reason which has induced Plinija to undertake for Drawing up of the work, is a desire of independence « from Deceits of doctors » which it is frequent « sold the cheapest Medicines for huge money ». Besides « some doctors … Indispositions which could be removed for some days Or even hours, stretched for long time that is longer To have the income of the patients considering the position heavy ». As We see, though still in V - IV centuries up to have been AD formulated high Ethical principles of behaviour of the doctor which should not To use knowledge and a medicine in harm to the person (an oath Gippokrata), medical practice in Ancient Rome contradicted To these principles.

II. Manufacturing of medical products in Middle Ages (V-XVII Centuries AD).
During the period on the beginning of XVI century the pharmacy has been closely connected to IV century with Alchemy. Alchemists pursued fantastic problems - searches « A philosophical stone », capable to transform ignoble Metals in gold, also tried to find « a vital elixir » and Panacea istseljajushchee means from all illnesses. Devices and devices For reception of medicines went in a medieval drugstore from Laboratories of alchemists.
The first drugstore has opened in Bagdad in 754г. The Arabian alchemists Have invented a water bath and peregonnyj a cube. Have described operations Fusion, dekantatsii, boiling down, distillation, sublimation, Dissolution, coagulation. Have received nitric and hydrochloric acids, Ethanol, chloric izvest. For the first time in 975г. application has been described Distilled water for the pharmaceutical purposes.
The important role jobs Central Asian scientists, especially have played Biruni and Obn Siny. Biruni in "Mineralogy" has described properties and Medical application of various minerals and metals. And also Has resulted extensive and interesting data about well-known on The east a medical product « mumie asil », which today The attention of researchers again has drawn to itself.
Naibole the well-known book in a history of medicine is « the Canon Medical science » (1020г) Ibn Siny. In the fifth book of "Canon" (Pharmacopoeia) he has described kashki, terjaki, powders, syrups. Lepeshechki, broths, pills, etc. complex medical products. Ways of preparation of medicines in work Ibn Siny are characterized A combination of rational substantiations and the errors caused A level of knowledge of that time. Continuing traditions Dioskorida, TSelsa, Galena, etc. predecessors, Ibn Sina has created The medical and pharmaceutical encyclopedia, which during Centuries was an obligatory management in educational institutions of many The countries.
In the western medieval Europe have been widely distributed Mystical performances. In treatment were used talismany, Horoscopes and magic spells.
The period from the second quarter of XVI century up to the middle of XVII century - time Blossoming jatrohimii, i.e. « medical chemistry ». Its founder Doctor Teofrast Bombast is considered background Gogengejm (1493-1541), Received popularity under Paracelsus's name. He has put forward idea Connections of chemistry to « great mother » - medicine, which Counted universal science. The main task of chemistry Paracelsus Has expressed in immortal words:
« I think chemistry necessary, without it there can not be a knowledge Medicine.
The chemist should be able to take that brings from each thing Advantage
To people. The chemistry has only one purpose: to prepare medicines, Which
Recover people the lost health ».
In XVII century the first attempts of intravenous injections have been carried out Medical products and blood transfusion. Not having scientific Bases, they quite often came to an end destruction of the patient.
In 1581 in Moscow the drugstore, in 1673 was open "tsareva"- The drugstore first in Russia for the population. In 2-nd half XVII century in Russia the hand-written "pharmacopoeias" containing have been made propisi and ways of preparation nastoev, extracts, tinctures, Medical oils, ointments, powders, etc. medicinal Preparations.
These "pharmacopoeias" have begun generalization and unification Technological data on medicines and their quality, have served A material for drawing up of the future pharmacopoeias.
In drugstores at batching strong means Were used "skalvy" (balance). Often absent raznoves Replaced with coins - "grivnas", "grivenkami" or bean and Barley grains.
In a life of a medicine dosed out such measures, as "handful", "ladle", « charka kind ». Sometimes - an egg shell or a shell gretskogo A nut.
Prepared for flat cakes - poroshkoobraznye substances, mixed with sugar Also sifted; to a mix added radio oil and slime Arabian Gum; of oils did small flat cakes and left on Some hours before drying.
A method ekstraktsii prepared for waters, vodka, nastoi, elixirs, Essences, spirits, etc. One of ways of preparation Medicinal water: a basin tied a cloth on which placed The fresh crushed vegetative raw material, covered with a sheet of a paper; On a paper filled a layer of large sand, on which, in a soya Turn, put a frying pan and in her kindled fire. Under Action of heating the liquid followed from a herb - medicinal Water. Medicinal vodka produced by distillation cubed. In Quality of raw material used mainly the plants containing Radio oils, etc. fragrant substances. Quantity of kinds Plants from which received the some people of vodka, was rather It is great (up to 28 names). Izvlekateljami wine, vodka served, Ethanol. Distillation was preceded with insisting vegetative raw material Directly cubed in a warm place at often stirring in Current of 1-15 days. After distillation vodka was asserted with 1-2 days and Then filtered through a paper.
Nastoi cooked on open fire. Some extraction all over again Insisted without heating or in the warm furnace, then them Cooked. Terms otvarivanija precisely did not specify, separate nastoi Cooked until the liquid boiled away on third or half.
Syrups represented 50 % solutions of sugar or treacle in juice A medicinal plant or his extract.
As bases for ointments served: oil cow, bacon pork, kozje Goose and bear, wax, vegetable oil, sometimes oil, honey. In the fused basis added finely crushed substances, An ointment mixed before cooling. Into some ointments entered juice Medicinal plants and then an ointment heated up, yet did not boil away A moisture.

III. Manufacturing of medical products during New time.
In XIX century significant achievements of technology medicinal Forms the invention William Brokdonom of tablets (1843) is, Introduction by the French pharmacist Lehabom firm gelatinous Capsules (1846), use as bases for ointments of vaseline (1873) and lanolin (1875). Lanolin was applied still in Ancient Greece, but in Middle Ages has been forgotten. A merit of revival Applications of lanolin belongs to the German pharmacologist to the professor O.Librajhu.
The big influence on pharmaceutical technology rendered Achievements of microbiology. French scientist L.Pasteur (1822-1895) and others have proved, that fermentation and rotting are Consequence of ability to live of the lowest microorganisms. Under Influence of jobs of L.Pasteur English surgeon D.Lister has suggested A way of protection of wounds from a suppuration (« nothing should concern Wounds, not being obesplozhennym ») with the help karbolovoj acids (1867.)
At the end of 80th years of XIX century D.Listera's method has been added In the physical ways of sterilization.
Marks in development of technology inektsionnyh solutions are: Introduction of a method of sterilization the ferry in Kokh's device (1885); Results of studying of Dutch physiologist D.Hamburgera Intravascular application gipo-and hypertonic solutions, And also use of 0,9 % of a solution of sodium of chloride in quality A physiological solution (1885). V.Berkefelda's offer about Sterilizations of solutions by filtering through ceramic Candles (1891) In 1916г. the Nobel prize winner Austrian fiziohimik R.Zhigmondi has made membrannye filters from Derivatives of cellulose.
On a boundary of 19 and 20 century the domestic pharmacy has replenished with a galaxy Scientists who further created Soviet Pharmaceutical science, the first have organized the maximum Pharmaceutical educational institutions, formed technology Medicinal forms as scientific discipline.
The decision of the first congress on pharmaceutical education to science, Studying manufacture of medicinal forms and galenovyh Preparations, the name « technology has been appropriated Medicinal forms and galenovyh preparations ».
Speaking about the period of becoming of Soviet pharmaceutical science, It is necessary to note some representatives of the grown-up especially The generations, left the big trace in development of technology Medicines.
L.G.Spassky (1868-1929) - the professor managing faculties Technologies galenovyh and dosed out preparations and technology Organic himiko-pharmaceutical preparations Lenin Himiko-pharmaceutical institute. Doctors pharmaceutical B.A.Brodsky's sciences (1872-1937) and M.G.Volpe (1894-1940) rather Fruitfully worked in the field of perfection of technology galenovyh preparations and chemist's technology.
The big erudition professor L.F.Iljin (1871-1937) possessed- The chief of faculty of pharmacy of army medical college. To number L.F.Iljina's technological jobs it is necessary to attribute it Dissertational job « About the pressed medicines and Tablets » - the first extensive and original research on Russian about tablets.
To lenin. To group farmakotehnikov and public figures I.A.Obergard (1888-1937) concerns. Among his numerous Jobs, undoubtedly, the basic place the Technology borrows « Medicinal forms with a brief sketch of technology galenovyh Preparations » - the first Soviet tutorial for the maximum Pharmaceutical educational institutions. It is difficult to overestimate value Also jobs of professor G.L.Kogana (1889-1956) for development Industrial technology of medicinal forms. G.L.Kogan has made The first domestic manual on « Technologies Pharmaceutical (galenovyh) preparations », issued in 1939году in Leningrad. The big contribution to development of technology medicinal Forms as scientific discipline professor S.F.Shubin has brought (1898-1942), managing faculty in Kharkov pharmacological Institute. S.F.Shubinym has been written the tutorial on technology Medicinal forms for pharmacological institutes.
Fast becoming technology of medicinal forms as scientific Disciplines appeared possible only due to numerous To researches which were actively spent in created (simultaneously with pharmacological high schools) Research establishments.
The special attention is deserved with activity of the largest scientific The center - All-Union research Himiko-pharmaceutical institute (VNIHFI) him. S.Ordzhonikidze, Created in 1920. The basic structure of institute - synthesis Medical products and allocation in the pure state biologically Active substances from natural products.
In 1930 in Leningrad has been created Leningrad NIHFI.
In Ukraine the basic research center in area Technologies galenovyh preparations and ready medicinal forms Was, arisen in 1920, HNIHFI (VNTSLS) VNTSLS is the main thing A scientific research institute on industrial technology Medicinal forms also spends the big job in area Received novogalenovyh preparations from glikozido-and alkaloidonosnyh plants, studying ekstraktsionnyh processes and Fulfilment of the equipment, creation of new type suppozitorijah and mazevyh bases (polietilenoksidy), and also perfection Different stages of manufacture ampulirovannyh solutions, tablets, Aerosols and other medicinal forms.
Manufacture of medical products is carried out in 2 Departments - in Ministry of Health and the Ministry The medical industry.
In Ministry of Health this function is carried out with drugstores and Pharmaceutical factories.
In the Ministry of the medical industry it is concentrated Manufacture almost all groups of medical products.
Original groups of some preparations are delivered The enterprises of other ministries - mjasomol, chemical food The industry, and also the Ministry of Agriculture.
Medical products of industrial production Act in a chemist's network through chemist's warehouses. 

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